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A-Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the science that studies molecules made up of one or more carbon atoms bonded to each other and to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)
Organic molecules can be represented in different ways, the simple indication of the atoms and their number constitutes the rough formula of the molecule, for example.
• the crude formula C4H10 indicates that the molecule contains 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms
• the semi-developed formula of the molecule: in which the representation of the carbon skeleton is detailed exp CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
• The structural formula: when all the bonds between the atoms of the molecule are indicated on the exp representation
• The topological (or simplified) representation: In the latter case each angle represents a carbon atom and the heteroatoms (O, N, S, halogen, etc.) are represented
The structural aspect
The different geometries of the carbon atom. (a) single bond, (b) double bond, (c) triple bond.
B-Hydrocarbons and Classification of organic functions
Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
There are different families of hydrocarbons, which are:
• alkanes, in which all the carbon-carbon bonds are simple (“sp3” hybridization).
• alkenes, which contain a carbon-carbon double bond (“sp2” hybridization):
· alkynes, which have a triple CC bond (“sp” hybridization): -C ≡ C –
• aromatic hydrocarbons, which are cyclic compounds having an odd number of conjugated double bonds, the main representative of which is benzene:
Ø Characteristic groups where the carbon is single bonded to a heteroatom:
Ø Characteristic groups where carbon is linked to an oxygen by a double bond: carbonyl co
mpounds
Ø Carboxylic acids and their derivatives:
استعراض قاموس المصطلحات باستعمال الفهرس
خاص | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | أ | إ | آ | ا | ب | ت | ث | ج | ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ك | ل | م | ن | ه | و | ي | الكل
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Carboxylic acids and their derivatives:
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